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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Soil microbial ecology is defined by highly diverse, spatially structured communities that drive nutrient cycling, organic matter turnover, and overall ecosystem stability. Although a gram of soil can contain thousands of bacterial and archaeal taxa, the ecological processes they mediate are even more crucial for sustaining terrestrial life.Microhabitats and NichesSoil is a heterogeneous mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Microbes inhabit distinct microhabitats formed by...
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors
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A new approach to predict soil temperature under vegetated surfaces.

Klaus Dolschak1, Karl Gartner2, Torsten W Berger1

  • 1Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria.

Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
|February 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study presents an empirical model predicting daily mean soil temperature (Tsoil) using only air temperature data. The model accurately forecasts soil temperature for vegetated surfaces, even with limited soil measurements.

Keywords:
Dynamical modelEmpirical modelForest soil temperatureFreeze/thaw transitionNewton’s law of coolingSimulated annealing

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Accurate soil temperature (Tsoil) prediction is crucial for understanding ecosystem processes.
  • Existing models often require extensive input data, limiting their applicability.
  • Vegetated surfaces, particularly forests, exhibit complex soil thermal dynamics influenced by various factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an empirical model for predicting daily mean soil temperature (Tsoil) under vegetated surfaces.
  • To assess the model's performance using only daily mean air temperature as input.
  • To determine the minimum data requirements for reliable soil temperature predictions.

Main Methods:

  • An empirical model based on Newton's law of cooling was developed.
  • The model incorporates 9 empirical parameters estimated via inverse modeling.
  • The model was applied and validated across diverse temperate forest sites and a non-forest grassland site.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully predicted soil temperature (Tsoil) across various vegetated sites, including forests and grasslands.
  • Model performance was robust, achieving a root mean square error <0.9 °C and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency >0.97.
  • As few as 13-20 soil temperature point measurements over 11 years proved sufficient for sound model performance.

Conclusions:

  • The developed empirical model offers a feasible and data-efficient method for predicting soil temperature (Tsoil).
  • It is particularly suitable for sites with discontinuous or scarce soil temperature data.
  • The model's ability to incorporate snow cover and soil freezing enhances its applicability in temperate climates.