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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System
Published on: May 5, 2018
Genetic and Developmental Basis of Cardiovascular Malformations
Mohamad Azhar1, Stephanie M Ware2
1Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular malformations (CVMs) are the most common birth defect, occurring in 1% to 5% of all live births. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors all influence the development of CVMs, and an improved understanding of the causation of CVMs is a prerequisite for prevention. Cardiac development is a complex, multistep process of morphogenesis that is under genetic regulation. Although the genetic contribution to CVMs is well recognized, the genetic causes of human CVMs are still identified infrequently. This article discusses the key genetic concepts characterizing human CVMs, their developmental basis, and the critical developmental and genetic concepts underlying their pathogenesis.
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