Directional freezing of sperm and associated derived technologies

Directional freezing has now completed 30 years of development since it was first introduced to cryobiology. In the field of sperm cryopreservation, directional freezing has been shown to be advantageous over slow freezing for numerous domestic and wildlife species. In particular, it was shown that freezing of large volume is possible. Furthermore, double freezing of sperm and freezing of sex-sorted sperm are possible and became the routine in the sex sorted sperm industry. In wild animals, our labs and others showed that sperm from a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species can be successfully cryopreserved using directional freezing. Finally, we will describe for the first time the successful freeze-drying of human sperm in an aseptic method. Using a device that produces clean liquid air, we froze human sperm in small droplets and then dried them in a bench top lyophilizer that was sterilized prior to use. More than 80% of DNA integrity was found after rehydration.