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Reactions of Acid Anhydrides01:19

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

5.4K
The reactions of acid anhydrides are analogous to the reactions of acid chlorides and proceed via a nucleophilic acyl substitution. They only differ in the identity of the leaving group. During an acid chloride reaction, the leaving group is a chloride ion, and the by-product is hydrochloric acid. However, in an acid anhydride reaction, the leaving group is a carboxylate ion, and the by-product is a carboxylic acid.
5.4K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

4.0K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
4.0K
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

4.2K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
4.2K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

5.2K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
5.2K
The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

59.8K
Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
59.8K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.8K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.8K

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A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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Metastable Nitric Acid Trihydrate in Ice Clouds.

Fabian Weiss1, Frank Kubel2, Óscar Gálvez3

  • 1Institut für Materialchemie, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060, Wien, Austria.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers confirm the existence of alpha-nitric acid trihydrate (alpha-NAT) in high-altitude ice clouds. This discovery, supported by diffraction and spectroscopy, reveals a new NAT formation mechanism.

Keywords:
atmospheric chemistrydiffractionice cloudspolar stratospheric cloudsvibrational spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric chemistry
  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • The precise composition and formation mechanisms of high-altitude ice clouds remain poorly understood.
  • Nitric acid hydrates are suspected constituents, but their exact phases and interactions with ice are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide conclusive evidence for the existence of the alpha-nitric acid trihydrate (alpha-NAT) phase.
  • To elucidate the formation mechanisms of NAT in high-altitude ice clouds.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments for structure solution.
  • Infrared and inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy for vibrational analysis.
  • Comparison of experimental data with theoretical calculations.

Main Results:

  • Conclusive evidence for the alpha-nitric acid trihydrate (alpha-NAT) phase was obtained.
  • A strong interaction between water ice and alpha-NAT was identified.
  • Experimental spectra were successfully explained by theoretical calculations and the observed interaction.

Conclusions:

  • The long-predicted alpha-NAT phase has been experimentally confirmed.
  • A novel three-step mechanism for NAT formation in high-altitude ice clouds is proposed based on the findings.
  • The interaction between ice and alpha-NAT is crucial for understanding cloud composition and kinetics.