Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

36
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
36
Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

7.8K
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain....
7.8K
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

19
Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
19
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

19
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
19
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

4.8K
The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
4.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Molecular Epidemiology to Decipher the Transmission Networks of MPOX in an Outbreak Scenario: Applications in Thailand during the 2023 Global Health Emergency.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses dynamically circulating in Southeast Asia.

Cell·2026
Same author

COVID's origins: what we do and don't know.

Nature·2026
Same author

Molecular Detection and Genetic Diversity of Bat-Associated Bartonella spp. in Bat Ectoparasites Collected From Ratchaburi Province, Thailand.

Veterinary medicine and science·2026
Same author

Screening for neuronal antibodies in cognitive impairment and dementia clinics: a prospective multicenter study.

BMC neurology·2026
Same author

Reply to Willoughby on the Demise of the Milwaukee Protocol for Rabies.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2025
Same journal

Phenotypical and functional characterization of a HepG2 cell clone stably overexpressing cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9.

BMC research notes·2026
Same journal

Inefficacy of a novel osmotic associative learning assay in C. elegans.

BMC research notes·2026
Same journal

Anticancer proteasome inhibitors are detrimental to the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro.

BMC research notes·2026
Same journal

Body mass index, nutritional knowledge, and eating attitudes in dancer and non-dancer students.

BMC research notes·2026
Same journal

Using LLM-generated tools to extract information about reporting statistical software in biomedical and health science research articles.

BMC research notes·2026
Same journal

Comparative hemostatic efficacy of oxidized regenerated cellulose powder and fibrin glue in a rat model of induced liver parenchymal hemorrhage.

BMC research notes·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
05:51

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

20.6K

Normocellular CSF in herpes simplex encephalitis.

Abhinbhen W Saraya1, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee2, Sininat Petcharat3

  • 1WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. abhinbhen@gmail.com.

BMC Research Notes
|February 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) can occur with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts, challenging diagnosis. Clinicians must consider HSE even without CSF pleocytosis or clear neuroimaging findings.

More Related Videos

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation
12:22

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

18.2K
Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
08:20

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
05:51

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

20.6K
A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation
12:22

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

18.2K
Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
08:20

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a leading cause of sporadic encephalitis globally.
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) has high mortality (70-80%), reduced to 20-30% with antiviral therapy.
  • Normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts can mislead physicians, delaying critical HSE treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and differentiate HSE patients with normocellular versus pleocytosis CSF.
  • To analyze neuroimaging patterns, underlying diseases, CSF viral load, and clinical outcomes in HSE patients.
  • To characterize HSE presentations, particularly in cases with normal CSF findings.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of patients with proven or presumed viral central nervous system (CNS) infections.
  • CSF analysis including PCR for HSV detection and viral load quantification.
  • Neuroimaging review and clinical outcome assessment.

Main Results:

  • HSV encephalitis was confirmed in 23 patients; 6 (26.1%) had normocellular CSF.
  • CSF HSV viral load was higher in the pleocytosis group (12,200 copies/ml) than the normocellular group (3027 copies/ml).
  • Neuroimaging was unremarkable or non-specific in 66.7% of normocellular CSF HSE cases.

Conclusions:

  • Normocellular CSF is not uncommon in HSE, occurring in both normal and immunocompromised individuals.
  • Absence of CSF pleocytosis or unremarkable neuroimaging should not rule out CNS infection, especially HSE.
  • Early consideration of HSE is crucial, irrespective of initial CSF findings.