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Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Published on: February 25, 2022

Otx2-PNN Interaction to Regulate Cortical Plasticity.

Clémence Bernard¹, Alain Prochiantz¹

¹Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.

Neural Plasticity

|February 17, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The environment shapes brain development during critical periods. The interaction between perineuronal nets and Otx2 protein regulates visual cortex plasticity onset and closure.

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Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: November 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Cortical plasticity is highest during critical developmental periods.
Visual cortex critical period onset is linked to parvalbumin interneurons and perineuronal nets.
Extracortical homeoprotein Otx2 transfer into parvalbumin interneurons regulates critical period timing.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the interaction between perineuronal nets and Otx2.
To elucidate how this interaction regulates cortical plasticity during critical periods and adulthood.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on perineuronal nets and Otx2.
Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying Otx2 transfer and function.
Examination of the role of glycosaminoglycans in Otx2 binding and activity.

Main Results:

Perineuronal nets, rich in complex sugars, bind Otx2.
Otx2 transfer into parvalbumin interneurons is crucial for critical period regulation.
This interaction modulates visual cortex plasticity in both developing and adult brains.

Conclusions:

The interplay between perineuronal net sugars and Otx2 is a key mechanism controlling visual cortex plasticity.
Understanding this interaction offers insights into developmental timing and adult brain adaptability.