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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

What is the Skeletal System?

What is the Skeletal System?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Dietary restrictions, bone density, and bone quality.

Tsang-hai Huang¹, Gene P Ables²

¹Laboratory of Exercise, Nutrition and Bone Biology, Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|February 17, 2016

Summary

Dietary interventions like caloric restriction (CR) and protein restriction (PR) may impact bone health. While bone size may decrease, intrinsic bone quality may be preserved, challenging traditional views.

Keywords:

aging caloric restriction metabolism methionine restriction protein restriction

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Published on: November 22, 2017

Area of Science:

Nutrition Science
Metabolic Health
Skeletal Biology

Background:

Dietary interventions such as caloric restriction (CR), protein restriction (PR), and methionine restriction (MR) offer broad metabolic and health benefits.
Traditional bone densitometry suggests these restrictions negatively impact bone health by reducing bone mineral density, mass, and size.
Emerging evidence and technological advancements necessitate a re-evaluation of these effects on bone quality.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically review the effects of CR, PR, and MR on skeletal health.
To integrate data from densitometry, metabolic assays, and biomaterial analyses.
To provide updated conclusions on how these dietary restrictions influence bone.

Main Methods:

Review of existing research integrating traditional bone densitometry.
Analysis of metabolic status indicators including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
Inclusion of biomaterial analyses to assess intrinsic bone properties.

Main Results:

Dietary restrictions can lead to reduced bone mass and size, as indicated by advanced imaging techniques.
Volumetric bone mineral density may not be significantly affected.
Moderate restrictions may not compromise intrinsic bone material properties, despite reduced whole-bone strength due to smaller bone size.

Conclusions:

The impact of CR, PR, and MR on bone health is complex and not fully captured by densitometry alone.
Bone quality encompasses multiple indices beyond simple density measurements.
Revised conclusions suggest that moderate dietary restrictions may have nuanced effects on the skeleton, preserving intrinsic properties despite altered size.