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Clark's Nutcracker Breeding Season Space Use and Foraging Behavior.

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  • 1Department of Natural Resources, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.

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Summary

Conservation of whitebark pine and Clark

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Ornithology

Background:

  • Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) populations are declining, potentially impacting Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), a key seed disperser.
  • Clark's nutcrackers are obligate mutualists with whitebark pine, making their conservation interdependent.
  • Effective conservation requires understanding Clark's nutcracker life history and habitat needs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Clark's nutcracker breeding season home range, territoriality, habitat selection, and foraging behavior.
  • To assess habitat use in relation to whitebark pine cone availability and decline.
  • To inform conservation strategies for both species in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Main Methods:

  • Radio-tracking of Clark's nutcrackers during the 2011 (nonbreeding, low cone crop) and 2012 (breeding, high cone crop) years.

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  • Analysis of home range size, territoriality, and habitat selection.
  • Dietary analysis focusing on foraging behavior and food sources.

    • Main Results:

    • Clark's nutcrackers selected Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) communities for home ranges, not whitebark pine habitat.
    • Whitebark pine habitat use varied between years, indicating some seasonal importance.
    • Newly available Douglas-fir seeds were a primary food source; cached seeds were less reliable in spring.

    Conclusions:

    • Whitebark pine restoration efforts should consider adjacent Douglas-fir habitats to support Clark's nutcracker populations.
    • Maintaining Clark's nutcracker populations is crucial for whitebark pine seed dispersal and restoration success.
    • Prioritizing whitebark pine restoration near alternative seed sources may enhance long-term viability.