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X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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EOS(®) biplanar X-ray imaging: concept, developments, benefits, and limitations.

Elias Melhem1, Ayman Assi2, Rami El Rachkidi3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, University of Saint Joseph, Boulevard Alfred Naccache, Achrafieh, P.O. Box 166830, Beirut, Lebanon. elias.melhem@gmail.com.

Journal of Children'S Orthopaedics
|February 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The EOS(®) 2D/3D imaging system offers low-radiation scans and 3D bone reconstruction, proving valuable for scoliosis and limb deformity diagnosis. A trained operator is needed for its full potential.

Keywords:
BiomechanicsBiplanar X-raysEOS radiographyLower limbsSagittal balanceScoliosis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • The EOS(®) system, developed from Georges Charpak's X-ray detector invention, provides simultaneous 2D whole-body imaging.
  • It utilizes statistical models for 3D reconstruction from anteroposterior and lateral views.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of EOS(®) imaging technology.
  • To highlight recent advancements and applications of the EOS(®) system.
  • To discuss the benefits and limitations of EOS(®) imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Analysis of personal experience with the EOS(®) system.

Main Results:

  • EOS(®) imaging is highly effective for scoliosis and sagittal balance assessment due to simultaneous orthogonal imaging in standing patients.
  • It enables 3D reconstruction and analysis of spinal, pelvic, and lower limb segments.
  • The technique is validated for pediatric and adult populations, offering advantages in measuring torsional deformities compared to CT scans.

Conclusions:

  • EOS(®) imaging significantly reduces radiation exposure (50-80% less than conventional X-rays).
  • It facilitates 3D bone reconstruction, though requires a skilled operator.
  • The EOS(®) system is a valuable tool for both research and clinical diagnostics.