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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
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Embryonic Stem Cell (ES)-Specific Enhancers Specify the Expression Potential of ES Genes in Cancer.

Dvir Aran1,2, Monther Abu-Remaileh1, Revital Levy1

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Scientists discovered novel epigenetic mutations in enhancers specific to blood stem cells (ESSEs). These mutations alter gene activity in cancers, potentially reactivating dormant genes and offering new therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Cancer Biology
  • Hematopoiesis and Stem Cell Regulation
  • Transcriptional Regulation

Background:

  • Cancers often exhibit gene expression patterns similar to undifferentiated cells.
  • The underlying mechanisms driving these aberrant expression programs remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding gene regulation in hematopoietic development and cancers is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel regulatory epigenetic mutations in transcriptional enhancers.
  • To investigate the role of these enhancers in hematopoietic cell development and cancer.
  • To explore the association between enhancer methylation and gene activity in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of transcriptional enhancers during hematopoietic cell development and in derived cancers.
  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns in specific enhancer regions (ESSEs).
  • Correlation of enhancer methylation states with gene transcriptional activity in normal and cancerous cells.
  • Investigated a specific hypomethylated ESSE linked to VEGFA.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a novel class of regulatory epigenetic mutations enriched in ES-specific enhancers (ESSEs) of the hematopoietic lineage.
  • Hematopoietic ESSEs show DNA methylation changes correlated with chromatin activity.
  • Hypermethylated ESSEs in cancer are linked to silenced genes, while hypomethylated ESSEs are associated with reactivated genes, unlike constitutive or stem cell-specific enhancers.
  • A hypomethylated ESSE near VEGFA regulates VEGFA transcript levels across various cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Hematopoietic ESSEs are selectively reactivated in cancer through epigenetic modifications.
  • ESSE methylation patterns provide a framework for understanding gene reactivation in cancer.
  • The identified enhancer sites and regulatory circuits, like the one involving VEGFA, offer potential targets for cancer therapy.