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Related Concept Videos

Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models01:17

Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models

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Clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter traditionally defined by compartment models, signifying the rate at which a drug is expelled from the body. However, a noncompartmental model offers an alternative method for assessing clearance, primarily employing empirical data obtained after administering a single drug dose.
The noncompartmental approach capitalizes on extensive sampling data, correlating the volume of distribution to systemic exposure and the administered dosage. This method enables...
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Clearance Models: Compartment Models01:25

Clearance Models: Compartment Models

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Clearance measures drug elimination from the central compartment, including plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver. Its calculation varies depending on pharmacokinetic models and administration routes. The one-compartment model, for instance, portrays the pharmacokinetics of polar drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics administered intravenously and readily excreted in urine. In this case, clearance is influenced by the terminal rate constant (λz) and the total volume...
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Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

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Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's...
402
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance00:56

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance

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Clearance is a key pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the volume of body fluid from which a drug is entirely removed within a specific time frame. It is crucial in assessing how a drug is eliminated from the body and has critical clinical applications.
In the one-compartment open model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, clearance is estimated by dividing the elimination rate by the plasma drug concentration. This equation leverages the elimination rate constant and the apparent...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

801
The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
The absorption exponent (ka) indicates the speed at which the drug...
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Drug Elimination: The Concept of Clearance01:06

Drug Elimination: The Concept of Clearance

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Drug elimination refers to removing drugs from the body, either through urine by the kidneys or through bile by the liver. Drug clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter that measures the efficiency of drug removal from the bloodstream within a specific time frame. It is calculated as the rate at which a drug is eliminated from plasma divided by the plasma concentration of the drug.
Drug clearance is not limited to renal excretion but encompasses all organs involved in drug elimination,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

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Clarifications: Dermal Clearance Model for Epidermal Bioavailability Calculations.

Yash Kapoor1, Mikolaj Milewski1, Amitava Mitra1

  • 1Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|February 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study clarifies a model for predicting how compounds delivered through the skin clear into the bloodstream. It highlights key factors for accurate dermal clearance predictions, improving understanding of intradermal drug delivery.

Keywords:
absorptionlymphatic transportmathematical modelphysiologically based pharmacokinetic modelingprotein bindingtransdermal

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Dermal Drug Delivery
  • Biophysical Chemistry

Background:

  • Transdermal and intradermal delivery methods are widely researched for therapeutic and cosmetic applications.
  • A previous model predicted dermal clearance based on physicochemical properties under pseudo steady-state conditions.
  • Understanding dermal clearance is crucial for optimizing drug delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide clarifications and highlight critical considerations for an existing dermal clearance prediction model.
  • To enhance the understanding of how intradermally delivered molecules enter systemic circulation.
  • To address specific aspects of the model, including solute binding and property determination.

Main Methods:

  • Reconsideration of solute binding to proteins in the dermal compartment.
  • Highlighting limitations of empirical models for determining molecular physicochemical properties.
  • Detailed explanation of critical calculation aspects within the predictive model.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key factors influencing the accuracy of dermal clearance predictions.
  • Clarification on the role of solute-protein interactions in dermal disposition.
  • Guidance on the appropriate use of physicochemical properties in model calculations.

Conclusions:

  • The clarified model offers improved insights into dermal clearance mechanisms for intradermal delivery.
  • Accurate consideration of solute binding and physicochemical properties is essential for predictive modeling.
  • This work supports the development of more effective transdermal and intradermal drug delivery strategies.