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Related Concept Videos

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Extracellular Matrix

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Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy
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Extracellular Matrix Disarray as a Mechanism for Greater Abdominal Versus Thoracic Aortic Stiffness With Aging in

Jie Zhang1, Xin Zhao1, Dorothy E Vatner1

  • 1From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.).

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
|February 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Vascular stiffness increases with age, particularly in the abdominal aorta. Collagen and elastin disarray, not just ratio, significantly contributes to this age-related aortic stiffening.

Keywords:
abdominal aortaagingcollagenelastinhypertensionnonhuman primates

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Aging Research
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Vascular stiffness is a key factor in aging, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
  • Limited research has explored age-related changes in both thoracic and abdominal aorta stiffness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in vascular stiffness between the thoracic and abdominal aorta in non-human primates.
  • To explore the structural basis of aortic stiffness, focusing on collagen and elastin composition and organization.

Main Methods:

  • Direct, continuous measurement of aortic pressure and diameters in young and old male monkeys.
  • Assessment of aortic stiffness (β) and analysis of collagen/elastin ratio and structural disarray.

Main Results:

  • Aortic stiffness (β) increased 2- to 3-fold in old versus young thoracic aorta.
  • Surprisingly, abdominal aorta stiffness in young monkeys equaled or exceeded thoracic aorta stiffness in old monkeys.
  • Collagen and elastin disarray, more than their ratio, strongly correlated with increased vascular stiffness.

Conclusions:

  • Aortic stiffness significantly increases with aging, with the abdominal aorta showing the most pronounced changes.
  • Collagen and elastin disarray is a critical determinant of age-related increases in aortic stiffness.
  • Findings highlight the distinct aging patterns of thoracic and abdominal aortas and their structural underpinnings.