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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

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A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Reflex operculoinsular seizures.

Handsun Xiao1, Thi Phuoc Yen Tran2, Myriam Pétrin1

  • 1Division of Neurology, CHUM Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

Epileptic Disorders : International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape
|February 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Specific cortical stimulation can cause focal seizures. This study details three cases of operculo-insular reflex seizures triggered by sensory stimuli or loud noises, with successful surgical outcomes.

Keywords:
audiogenicepilepsyinsulareflexsomatosensory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epileptology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Focal seizures can be triggered by specific stimuli activating distinct cortical areas.
  • Reflex epilepsy is characterized by seizures precipitated by external or internal stimuli.

Observation:

  • Three cases of operculo-insular reflex seizures were documented.
  • Seizures were triggered by somatosensory stimuli in two patients and loud noises in one patient.
  • The operculo-insular region is implicated in these reflex seizures.

Findings:

  • Limited operculo-insular resection led to excellent seizure control in all three patients.
  • The study supports the role of the insula in processing stimuli that can precipitate seizures.
  • Successful surgical intervention for this specific type of reflex epilepsy was demonstrated.

Implications:

  • These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiology of reflex epilepsy.
  • Operculo-insular resection may be an effective treatment for specific cases of reflex seizures.
  • Further research into insular function and its role in epilepsy is warranted.