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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration
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Epicrania Fugax.

María Luz Cuadrado1,2, Angel L Guerrero3,4, Juan A Pareja5,6

  • 1Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. mlcuadrado@med.ucm.es.

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|February 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epicrania fugax is a rare primary headache characterized by brief, linear pain attacks. Effective treatments for frequent paroxysms include neuromodulators and nerve blocks.

Keywords:
Epicrania fugaxEpicranial headachesPrimary headaches

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Headache Medicine

Background:

  • Epicrania fugax (EF) is a recently described primary headache disorder.
  • EF is characterized by distinct paroxysmal head pain.

Observation:

  • Pain follows a linear or zigzag trajectory within one hemicranium.
  • Pain originates and terminates in different nerve territories.
  • Forward EF moves anteriorly from occipital/parietal/temporal regions; backward EF moves posteriorly from frontal/ocular/nasal areas.

Findings:

  • Some patients experience autonomic symptoms (ocular/nasal) or triggers.
  • Interictal pain or tenderness at the pain origin may be present.
  • Pain frequency varies, with some experiencing spontaneous remissions.

Implications:

  • Preventive therapy is indicated for frequent, non-remitting paroxysms.
  • Treatment options include neuromodulators, indomethacin, amitriptyline, nerve blocks, and steroid injections.
  • These interventions have shown partial to complete symptom relief in various cases.