Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Pain neuroscience education as an intervention to improve quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain : A scoping review of randomised controlled trials].

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)·2026

Same author

Clinical effects of targeted forefoot and rearfoot training on dynamic balance, postural stability, gait biomechanics, and joint function in individuals with chronic ankle instability: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Trials·2026

Same author

Cross-Education Effects of Unilateral Knee-Extensor Strength Training in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Critically Appraised Topic.

Journal of sport rehabilitation·2025

Same author

Plantar Sensation and Muscle Activity During a Step on Various Textured Unstable Surfaces in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - Comparison with Healthy Controls.

Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie·2025

Same author

SQUARE-IT: a proposed approach to square the identified research problem in the literature with the objectives, the appropriate clinical research question, and the research hypothesis.

BMC medical research methodology·2025

Same author

Comparison of Maximum Isometric Strength of the Hip Joint Abductor and Knee Joint Extensor Muscles between Knee Osteoarthritis Patients with and without Self-reported Instability.

Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

RELIABILITY, COMPARABILITY, AND VALIDITY OF FOOT INVERSION AND EVERSION STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS USING A HAND-HELD

Martin Alfuth, Magali Murielle Hahm¹

¹German Sport University Cologne, Department of Further Education, MSc Sport Physiotherapy, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

|February 23, 2016

Summary

Hand-held dynamometer (HHD) measurements of foot inversion and eversion strength are reliable across different positions. However, HHDs underestimate torque output compared to isokinetic dynamometry, with variations between supine/sitting and side-lying positions.

Keywords:

different test positions dynamometry eversion inversion reproducibility

More Related Videos

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Published on: July 7, 2016

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Published on: May 1, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Published on: July 7, 2016

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Published on: May 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Musculoskeletal assessment
Physical therapy instrumentation

Background:

Conflicting evidence exists regarding the validity and reliability of hand-held dynamometer (HHD) measurements for lower extremity strength in healthy individuals.
Previous studies on foot inversion/eversion strength with HHD primarily involved participants with clinical conditions and varied positions.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the intra- and inter-tester reliability of foot inversion and eversion strength measurements using a belt-stabilized HHD in different participant positions.
To compare the comparability of strength measurements obtained in supine, sitting, and side-lying positions.
To determine the concurrent validity of HHD measurements against an isokinetic dynamometer.

Main Methods:

Maximal isometric foot inversion and eversion torques were measured in 30 healthy adults using a belt-stabilized HHD in supine, sitting, and side-lying positions.
Measurements were repeated by two physiotherapists over two days and compared with isokinetic dynamometry.
Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine reliability and validity; ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots analyzed differences between positions and devices.

Main Results:

Intra-tester reliability for inversion and eversion was fair to excellent (ICC 0.598-0.828).
Inter-tester reliability was excellent for eversion (ICC 0.773-0.860) and fair to excellent for inversion (ICC 0.519-0.879).
Concurrent validity showed low to fair agreement (ICC 0.205-0.562) with isokinetic measurements, which were consistently higher.

Conclusions:

HHD measurements of foot inversion and eversion strength demonstrate good reliability across different positions (supine, sitting, side-lying).
HHD measurements consistently underestimate torque output compared to isokinetic dynamometry.
While supine and sitting positions yield comparable HHD results, the side-lying position differs significantly.