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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Related Experiment Video

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Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
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Sepsis: the need for tolerance not complacency.

Tiago R Velho1, Isa Santos1, Pedro Póvoa2

  • 1Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.

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Sepsis, a life-threatening infection response, needs new treatments. Inducing tolerance, which protects organs without fighting pathogens, may be key to improving sepsis outcomes and reducing mortality.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Sepsis is a dangerous systemic inflammatory response to infection, often leading to organ failure and high mortality.
  • Despite effective antibiotics, many sepsis patients die, indicating the host's response, not just the pathogen, drives mortality.
  • Current therapies targeting inflammation or immune stimulation have failed to improve sepsis outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a paradigm shift in sepsis treatment by introducing the concept of host tolerance.
  • To highlight the potential of inducing tolerance as a missing therapeutic strategy for sepsis.
  • To argue for the integration of tolerance induction into current sepsis care.

Main Methods:

  • This study presents a conceptual argument based on existing scientific literature and clinical observations.
  • It reviews the limitations of current sepsis treatment strategies.
  • It analyzes the potential benefits of host tolerance in managing sepsis.

Main Results:

  • The pathogen is not always the primary driver of sepsis-induced organ damage.
  • Host-directed therapies focusing on inflammation inhibition have not improved survival rates.
  • Tolerance induction offers a novel approach to protect organs from inflammatory damage during sepsis.

Conclusions:

  • Sepsis pathogenesis is complex, involving host-pathogen interactions and the host's inflammatory response.
  • Inducing host tolerance is a potentially transformative strategy for sepsis treatment.
  • Integrating tolerance induction into sepsis care could significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality.