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Acute and chronic systemic chromium toxicity.

S C Gad1

  • 1G.D. Searle & Co., Skokie, IL 60077.

The Science of the Total Environment
|October 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Chromium compounds pose health risks, including carcinogenicity and kidney toxicity, especially hexavalent chromium. However, chromium is also essential, and the body has detoxification mechanisms against these toxic effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Occupational health
  • Inorganic chemistry

Background:

  • Chromium compounds have known adverse health effects for over 160 years.
  • Complete understanding of systemic toxicology and hazards is still lacking.
  • Multiple valence states and solubility complicate chromium's toxicological profile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on chromium compound toxicology.
  • To highlight the complexities arising from different chromium forms.
  • To present features of acute and chronic chromium toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on systemic toxicology of chromium compounds.
  • Analysis of data considering valence states and solubility.
  • Examination of carcinogenicity, corrosivity, sensitization, and target organ toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Hexavalent chromium compounds are identified as carcinogens, corrosives, and delayed contact sensitizers.
  • The kidney is the primary target organ for selected chromium compounds.
  • The human body possesses detoxification mechanisms for hexavalent chromium exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Despite known hazards, a complete toxicological understanding of chromium compounds remains incomplete.
  • Chromium is an essential element, necessitating a balanced view of its toxicity.
  • Effective detoxification mechanisms exist for hexavalent chromium, influencing its overall hazard.

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