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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Phagocytosis00:41

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
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Cryptococcus and Phagocytes: Complex Interactions that Influence Disease Outcome.

Chrissy M Leopold Wager1, Camaron R Hole1, Karen L Wozniak1

  • 1Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|February 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryptococcus fungi cause severe lung infections by evading immune cells like macrophages. Understanding these interactions is key to developing new antifungal immunotherapies.

Keywords:
CryptococcusCryptococcus gattiiCryptococcus neoformanscryptococcosisfungal immunityinnate immune responsemedical mycology

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are fungal pathogens causing life-threatening diseases, primarily through inhalation into the lungs.
  • Phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, are crucial innate immune cells that encounter these fungi in the lungs, significantly influencing disease outcomes.
  • Cryptococcus employs virulence factors like a polysaccharide capsule and melanin to evade immune responses and survive within phagocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interactions between Cryptococcus species and innate phagocytic cells.
  • To explore Cryptococcus's manipulation and evasion strategies against host immune cells.
  • To discuss anti-fungal responses by phagocytes and potential immunotherapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on Cryptococcus-phagocyte interactions.
  • It analyzes the mechanisms of immune evasion employed by Cryptococcus.
  • It examines the anti-cryptococcal activities of phagocytes and potential therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Cryptococcus utilizes virulence factors to subvert phagocyte functions and evade immune detection.
  • Phagocytes mount responses to control fungal growth, but these can be overcome by Cryptococcus.
  • Understanding these intricate interactions reveals opportunities for novel immunotherapeutic interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting phagocyte responses offers a promising avenue for developing new treatments against Cryptococcus infections.
  • Further research into Cryptococcus-phagocyte dynamics can lead to improved therapeutic strategies.
  • Manipulating host immunity presents a viable approach to combat life-threatening fungal diseases.