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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Related Experiment Video

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Retinoids in the pancreas.

Pierre-Jacques Brun1, Nuttaporn Wongsiriroj1, William S Blaner1

  • 11 Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA ; 2 Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.

Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
|February 24, 2016
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Summary

Retinoids are vital for pancreatic health, supporting both endocrine function in adults and development in utero. Impaired retinoid metabolism in pancreatic stellate cells is linked to pancreatic diseases.

Keywords:
Isletsdiabetesglucagoninsulinpancreatic cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Retinoids (vitamin A derivatives) are essential for tissue health, including the pancreas.
  • The pancreas requires retinoids for normal endocrine function (α- and β-cells) and embryonic development.
  • Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are key players in retinoid storage and metabolism within the pancreas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of retinoids in maintaining pancreatic health.
  • To explore the connection between retinoid metabolism and pancreatic diseases.
  • To highlight the significance of pancreatic stellate cells in retinoid homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on retinoids and pancreatic function.
  • Analysis of research linking retinoid metabolism to pancreatic diseases.
  • Focus on the role of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) in retinoid storage and metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Retinoids are indispensable for adult pancreatic endocrine function and fetal pancreatic development.
  • Disruptions in pancreatic retinoid storage and metabolism are associated with pancreatic disease development.
  • PSCs possess the metabolic capacity to process retinoids, implicating them in disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Retinoids are crucial for normal pancreatic endocrine function and development.
  • Alterations in pancreatic retinoid metabolism, particularly involving PSCs, are linked to pancreatic diseases.
  • Further research into retinoid pathways in PSCs may offer insights into treating metabolic and pancreatic disorders.