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TOR Signaling and Nutrient Sensing.

Thomas Dobrenel1,2, Camila Caldana3, Johannes Hanson2

  • 1Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 INRA AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles 78026, France;

Annual Review of Plant Biology
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Summary

The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway regulates cell metabolism and growth based on nutrient availability. This review highlights TOR

Keywords:
SnRK1 kinaseTOR kinasenitrogennutrient signalingsugars

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Nutrient availability is critical for all life, requiring organisms to adjust metabolism and energy production.
  • The evolutionarily conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase acts as a central regulator, linking nutrient cues to cellular processes.
  • TOR signaling promotes growth and anabolism during nutrient abundance and represses nutrient remobilization via autophagy during starvation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing knowledge on the relationship between TOR signaling and nutrients in non-photosynthetic organisms.
  • To present recent findings on the role of TOR in plant nutrient signaling, metabolism, and growth.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on TOR signaling in various organisms.
  • Synthesis of recent research findings in plant science related to nutrient-derived signals and TOR.

Main Results:

  • TOR is activated by nutrient metabolites (nitrogen and carbon) and promotes energy-intensive processes like cell division and translation.
  • TOR antagonizes starvation-induced kinases (AMPK/Snf1/SnRK1) in animals, yeast, and plants.
  • Recent plant studies reveal TOR's crucial role in mediating nutrient signals to regulate growth and metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • TOR signaling is a fundamental pathway for maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to nutrient availability across diverse organisms.
  • Understanding TOR in plants is key to deciphering how nutrient signals influence plant development and metabolic strategies.