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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The Proteasome01:13

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Autophagy under attack.

Paul de Figueiredo1, Marty Dickman2

  • 1Norman Borlaug Institute, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.

Elife
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogens disrupt plant immunity by targeting proteins crucial for autophagy, a key cellular process. This strategy helps them evade the plant's natural defenses.

Keywords:
autophagyeffectorsinfectious diseaseirish potato faminelate blight diseasemicrobiologynicotiana benthamianaphytophthora infestansplant biology

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Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Molecular biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a vital cellular process for maintaining homeostasis and responding to stress in plants.
  • Plant immune responses are critical for defense against pathogen invasion.
  • Pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host cellular processes for their own benefit.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how pathogens interfere with autophagy in plants.
  • To identify specific proteins targeted by pathogens during the modulation of autophagy.
  • To understand the impact of pathogen-mediated autophagy inhibition on plant immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomic analysis to identify pathogen-targeted host proteins.
  • Genetic manipulation of autophagy-related genes in plants.
  • Assays to measure plant immune responses upon pathogen infection.
  • Microscopy to visualize autophagosome formation and degradation.

Main Results:

  • Specific pathogen effectors were found to interact with key autophagy proteins.
  • Targeting of autophagy proteins by pathogens leads to impaired autophagosome formation.
  • Inhibition of autophagy by pathogens significantly compromises plant immune signaling pathways.
  • Plants with compromised autophagy exhibit increased susceptibility to pathogen infection.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogens actively manipulate the autophagy pathway to suppress plant immunity.
  • Targeting autophagy proteins is a conserved strategy employed by pathogens to disarm host defenses.
  • Understanding these interactions provides insights into novel strategies for enhancing plant disease resistance.