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Gas Chromatography: Sample Injection Systems01:08

Gas Chromatography: Sample Injection Systems

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In gas chromatography, the sample is introduced as a vapor plug into the carrier gas stream for high efficiency and resolution. A microsyringe injects the sample solution into a heated sample port, vaporizing it and mixing it with the carrier gas. This process is important to ensure the sample is properly prepared for analysis. Thermally sensitive samples can be injected directly into the column and volatilized by slowly increasing the column temperature.
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Flow Cytometry01:23

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The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation00:57

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High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
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Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
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In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Recent advances in flow injection analysis.

Marek Trojanowicz1, Kamila Kołacińska

  • 1Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland. trojan@chem.uw.edu.pl.

The Analyst
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Flow analysis has become a vital technique in chemical analysis over four decades. Recent advancements focus on nanotechnology and miniaturization for environmental, food, and pharmaceutical applications.

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Flow Chemistry

Background:

  • Flow analysis has evolved significantly over four decades, becoming a cornerstone of modern chemical analysis.
  • Over 20,000 scientific papers demonstrate the extensive research and application of flow analysis.
  • Flow analysis is integral to contemporary flow chemistry and chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in analytical flow injection measurements.
  • To highlight current development trends in flow analysis methodologies.
  • To discuss the impact of nanotechnology and miniaturization on flow analysis systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of nearly 300 original papers published primarily in the last decade.
  • Emphasis on novel achievements from the most recent 2-3 years.

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  • Analysis of evolving measurement system designs and detection methods.

    • Main Results:

    • Flow analysis is a well-established and vital field in contemporary chemical analysis.
    • Significant progress has been made in instrumentation for environmental, food, and pharmaceutical analysis.
    • Emerging trends include the integration of nanotechnology and miniaturization.

    Conclusions:

    • Flow analysis continues to be a dynamic and evolving field.
    • Nanotechnology and miniaturization are key drivers for future developments in flow analysis.
    • Flow analysis offers versatile applications across various scientific disciplines.