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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Limnology
    • Biogeochemistry

    Background:

    • Ecosystems rely on external inputs (allochthony) for mass and energy, influencing food webs and metabolism.
    • Terrestrial organic matter subsidies are crucial for inland waters, but their variation with elevation is poorly understood.
    • Climate change may alter allochthony, particularly in high-elevation regions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how allochthony varies across an elevation gradient in mountain lakes.
    • To compare the effectiveness of deuterium stable isotopes (ΔH) and fluorescence index (FI) in measuring allochthony.
    • To identify relationships between allochthony metrics and water quality characteristics.

    Main Methods:

    • Measured ΔH and FI in 30 lakes across a montane to alpine gradient (2340–3205 m).
    • Assessed water quality parameters including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chlorophyll a, spectral slope ratio (SR), diffuse attenuation coefficients (KR), and pH.
    • Analyzed relationships between elevation, allochthony metrics (ΔH, FI), and water quality parameters.

    Main Results:

    • Observed a significant inverse relationship between ΔH and FI, both indicating decreased allochthony with increasing elevation.
    • High-elevation lakes showed lower ln(DOC:Chl) and KR, and higher SR and pH, signifying more internal production (autochthony).
    • ΔH and FI were related to ln(DOC:Chl), SR, and KR, while pH was only related to ΔH.

    Conclusions:

    • High-elevation lakes in the Beartooth Mountains are more autochthonous than low-elevation lakes.
    • ΔH and FI are effective, complementary metrics for assessing allochthony across elevation gradients.
    • Understanding these relationships is vital for predicting carbon cycling changes in mountain ecosystems under climate change.