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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

4.5K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
4.5K
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

1.3K
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
1.3K
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
574
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

1.2K
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
1.2K
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

830
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
830
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

512
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
512

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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Understanding heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: where are we today?

L van Heerebeek1,2, W J Paulus3

  • 1Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.vanheerebeek@vumc.nl.

Netherlands Heart Journal : Monthly Journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is complex, with treatments failing due to poor understanding. New insights suggest comorbidities drive HFpEF via coronary microvascular inflammation, necessitating personalized treatment approaches.

Keywords:
DiastoleEndothelial dysfunctionHeart failureInflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Translational Research

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a prevalent, heterogeneous syndrome with poor outcomes.
  • Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HFpEF lacks effective pharmacotherapy due to incomplete understanding of its pathophysiology.
  • HFpEF patients are often elderly females with comorbidities that adversely affect cardiac remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel insights into HFpEF pathophysiology.
  • To highlight the role of comorbidities and patient heterogeneity in HFpEF.
  • To discuss a new paradigm of HFpEF driven by coronary microvascular inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and translational research on HFpEF.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological processes contributing to HFpEF.
  • Examination of the impact of comorbidities on myocardial dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Comorbidities are increasingly recognized as key drivers of myocardial dysfunction in HFpEF.
  • Coronary microvascular inflammation is proposed as a central mechanism linking comorbidities to HFpEF.
  • Patient heterogeneity and comorbidities significantly impact HFpEF development and progression.

Conclusions:

  • A shift towards individualized HFpEF treatment based on patient phenotyping and pathophysiological stratification is needed.
  • Understanding the role of comorbidities and inflammation is crucial for developing effective HFpEF therapies.
  • Novel insights into HFpEF pathophysiology pave the way for tailored therapeutic strategies.