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The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
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Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
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The centroid is an important concept in engineering, physics, and mechanics. It is the geometric center of a body. It always lies within the body except in cases with holes or cavities. When the material that a body is composed of is uniform or homogeneous, the centroid coincides with its center of mass or the center of gravity.
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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is essential in construction planning, water resource management, and land-use analysis. The primary outcome of such surveys is a topographic map, which uses contour lines to visually represent the shape and slope of the terrain, providing valuable insights into the landscape's characteristics.Contour lines are fundamental to understanding the...
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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy for Abdominal Obesity Treatment
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Body Contouring.

Khalid Almutairi1, Jeffrey A Gusenoff, J Peter Rubin

  • 1East Lansing, Mich.; and Pittsburgh, Pa. From the Department of Surgery, Michigan State University; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Body contouring procedures have advanced significantly, offering more options for massive weight loss patients. This review highlights key principles in patient selection, safety, anatomy, and surgical techniques for improved outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Aesthetic Medicine

Background:

  • Massive weight loss leads to significant skin laxity and aesthetic concerns.
  • Advancements in surgical techniques and technologies have expanded body contouring options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of body contouring procedures.
  • To emphasize patient selection, safety, and anatomical considerations.
  • To discuss various surgical techniques for trunk and extremity contouring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and advancements in body contouring.
  • Discussion of anatomical principles relevant to body contouring.
  • Exploration of excisional techniques, liposuction, and fat grafting.

Main Results:

  • Body contouring has evolved with new technologies and increased patient demand.
  • A wide range of procedures are now available to meet diverse patient goals.
  • Emphasis on preoperative evaluation, patient safety, and complication avoidance is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Plastic surgeons are continually innovating to meet patient needs in body contouring.
  • Effective body contouring requires a thorough understanding of anatomy and surgical principles.
  • Combining procedures and appropriate staging are key to successful outcomes.