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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

128
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

Connective Tissue Cell Types

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Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

129
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
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Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

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Probable systemic lupus erythematosus with cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPS).

D Lamichhane1, A Weinstein2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.

Lupus
|February 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPS) can aid in diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), even when serum complement levels are normal. This finding supports CB-CAPS as a valuable biomarker for probable SLE cases.

Keywords:
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPS)complementneuromyelitis optica (NMO)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Complement activation is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  • Detecting cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPS) is more common than low serum complement in established lupus.
  • Normocomplementemia can complicate SLE diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A case study of a patient with probable SLE is presented.
  • The patient did not meet the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for lupus.
  • Serum complement levels were within the normal range (normocomplementemic).

Findings:

  • The presence of CB-CAPS was detected in the patient.
  • CB-CAPS supported the diagnosis of probable SLE despite the absence of hypocomplementemia.
  • This highlights the utility of CB-CAPS in challenging diagnostic scenarios.

Implications:

  • Cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPS) may serve as a crucial diagnostic biomarker in SLE.
  • This diagnostic approach can be particularly useful for patients with probable SLE and normal serum complement levels.
  • Further research into CB-CAPS could refine diagnostic criteria and improve patient management in rheumatology.