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Related Concept Videos

Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
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Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

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Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
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Masonry walls are subject to slight expansion and contraction due to variations in temperature and moisture. Thermal movement in masonry is relatively straightforward to measure and plan for. On the other hand, moisture movement poses more of a challenge. New clay masonry units typically absorb water and expand over time under normal environmental conditions. Conversely, new concrete masonry units tend to shrink as they lose the excess moisture acquired during their production process.
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Thermal Expansion01:22

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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
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Tonicity in Plants01:20

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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
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Effective Expansion: Balance between Shrinkage and Hygroscopic Expansion.

E A Suiter1, L E Watson2, D Tantbirojn3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|February 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hygroscopic expansion in dental materials partially compensates for polymerization shrinkage, reducing stress on restored teeth. Resin-modified glass-ionomers show less initial cuspal flexure but poorer marginal integrity compared to compomers.

Keywords:
compomerscomposite resinsdental materialsdental restorationglass ionomerpolymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Restorative Dentistry

Background:

  • Polymerization shrinkage in dental restorative materials generates significant stress, potentially leading to marginal integrity loss and secondary caries.
  • Hygroscopic expansion, the absorption of water leading to material expansion, is a potential mechanism to counteract polymerization shrinkage.
  • Understanding the interplay between shrinkage and expansion is crucial for developing dimensionally stable dental restorations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between hygroscopic expansion and polymerization shrinkage in dental restorative materials.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of hygroscopic expansion in compensating for polymerization shrinkage stresses.
  • To assess the impact of different restorative materials on cuspal flexure and marginal integrity in restored teeth.

Main Methods:

  • Tested materials included one resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI), two compomers, and one universal resin-based composite.
  • Measured volumetric changes (total and post-gel shrinkage) using optical and strain gauge methods.
  • Assessed cuspal flexure via optical scanning of restored human molars and evaluated marginal integrity using dye penetration.

Main Results:

  • All tested materials exhibited polymerization shrinkage, with RMGI showing the highest total shrinkage but lowest post-gel shrinkage.
  • Hygroscopic expansion partially compensated for shrinkage during water storage, but complete compensation was not achieved within 4 weeks.
  • RMGI restorations resulted in significantly less initial cuspal flexure, but Compoglass showed the best marginal integrity (93.7%).

Conclusions:

  • Hygroscopic expansion is more effective in stress compensation than total shrinkage suggests, as only post-gel shrinkage requires compensation.
  • The effective expansion is the difference between hygroscopic expansion and post-gel shrinkage.
  • Material selection impacts both the immediate stress response (cuspal flexure) and long-term marginal integrity of dental restorations.