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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints
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Genomic footprinting.

Jeff Vierstra1,2, John A Stamatoyannopoulos1,2,3

  • 1Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Nature Methods
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic footprinting uses DNase I to map protein-DNA interactions genome-wide. This powerful technique reveals insights into regulatory DNA but still faces developmental challenges for complex genomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • DNA footprinting with DNase I has been crucial for studying protein-DNA interactions for over 35 years.
  • This technique aids in decoding cis-regulatory elements and identifying DNA-binding proteins like transcription factors.
  • Genomic footprinting enables large-scale, in vivo analysis of transcription factor occupancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the prospects and challenges of genomic footprinting.
  • To explore considerations for applying genomic footprinting to complex genomes.
  • To highlight the potential of in vivo DNase I footprinting on a genomic scale.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes DNase I for DNA cleavage events.
  • Employs massively parallel sequencing for high-throughput analysis.
  • Applies in vivo footprinting on a genomic scale.

Main Results:

  • Genomic footprinting offers potential for global analysis of transcription factor occupancy.
  • The technology provides insights into the organization, function, and evolution of regulatory DNA.
  • Challenges remain in the application of this nascent technology to complex genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic footprinting is a powerful, evolving technology for understanding gene regulation.
  • Further development is needed to overcome challenges in applying it to complex genomes.
  • This approach opens new avenues for studying genome-wide protein-DNA interactions.