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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

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Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Paradigms for Pharmacological Characterization of C. elegans Synaptic Transmission Mutants
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A curious case of paralysis.

Caroline Fox1

  • 1Caroline Fox practices at Nephrology Associates of Waukesha in Waukesha, Wisc. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

JAAPA : Official Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants
|February 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Primary hyperaldosteronism, a cause of hypertension, can lead to hypokalemia and paralysis. Early screening and diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment and blood pressure management.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Primary hyperaldosteronism affects up to 13% of hypertensive patients.
  • It involves excessive aldosterone production, leading to hypertension and electrolyte imbalances.

Observation:

  • A case study highlights a patient presenting with hypokalemia, hypertension, and periodic paralysis.
  • These symptoms were attributed to primary hyperaldosteronism.

Findings:

  • The plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio is a key screening tool.
  • Adrenal vein sampling aids in localizing aldosterone overproduction.

Implications:

  • Treatment options include mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists or adrenalectomy.
  • Both therapeutic approaches yield comparable reductions in blood pressure.