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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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Drugging the methylome: DNA methylation and memory.

Andrew J Kennedy1, J David Sweatt1

  • 1a Department of Neurobiology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|February 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic DNA methylation is crucial for memory formation and recall. This review explores neuroepigenetics, linking synaptic plasticity to potential epigenetic therapies for central nervous system disorders.

Keywords:
Angelman SyndromeDNA methylationDNMTPitt–Hopkins SyndromeTET Oxidasecognitive disorderscytosine methylationdemethylationepigeneticslearningmemoryneuroepigeneticsneuropharmacologypharmacokineticspsychopharmacology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, are increasingly recognized for their role in memory formation, maintenance, and synaptic plasticity.
  • Dynamic DNA methylation reactions are integral to long-term memory processes.
  • Recent findings highlight DNA methylation's role in regulating non-Hebbian plasticity, suggesting a link between synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on DNA methylation in memory and synaptic plasticity.
  • To explore the potential of epigenetic mechanisms as a link between synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity.
  • To speculate on the future of neuroepigenetic therapeutics targeting the central nervous system.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research and findings in the field of neuroepigenetics.
  • It incorporates new discoveries regarding DNA methylation's regulatory roles.
  • The review also discusses the development and application of biochemical tools for gene-specific investigations.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic DNA methylation is integral to long-term memory formation, maintenance, and recall.
  • DNA methylation mechanisms are important regulators of non-Hebbian plasticity.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms represent a fundamental link between synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity.

Conclusions:

  • The field of neuroepigenetics is rapidly advancing, with DNA methylation playing a key role in memory and plasticity.
  • Epigenetic therapies targeting the central nervous system hold therapeutic potential, requiring understanding of their unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
  • Mapping epigenome dynamics during learning is a critical challenge for identifying memory-associated gene expression changes and developing effective epigenetic drugs.