Sophoraflavanone G Induces Apoptosis in Human Leukemia Cells and Blocks MAPK Activation

Sophoraflavanone G (SG) was isolated from Sophora flavescens. Previously, we have found that SG is able to suppress the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SG on apoptosis, and explore its molecular mechanism in human leukemia HL-60 cells. HL-60 cells were treated with various concentrations of SG (3-30 [Formula: see text]M). The viability of the HL-60 cells was assessed using the MTT method, and the nuclear condensation indicative of apoptosis was observed by DAPI fluorescence staining. In addition, apoptotic signal proteins were examined using Western blotting. The results showed that apoptosis, including DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation, increased significantly in SG-treated HL-60 cells. SG activated caspase-3 and caspase-9, and downregulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. SG also upregulated Bax and released cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, enabling apoptosis via the mitochondrially-mediated "intrinsic" pathway. Additionally, SG was able to cleave poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. These results suggest that SG might increase the effect of apoptosis on HL-60 cells through caspase-3 activation, mitochondrial-mediated pathways, and the MAPK pathway.