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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Overactive bladder.

Karen M Wallace1, Marcus J Drake1

  • 1Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

F1000Research
|February 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is common, especially in older adults. Management ranges from conservative approaches like bladder training to medications, nerve stimulation, and, rarely, surgery for severe cases.

Keywords:
Overactive bladder syndromedetrusor overactivitymirabegronnocturiaurinary urgency

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a prevalent condition, particularly in aging populations.
  • It is defined by urinary urgency, often accompanied by incontinence, increased frequency, and nocturia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and management strategies for overactive bladder syndrome.
  • To discuss conservative, medical, and surgical treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • Exclusion of serious medical conditions.
  • Utilizing bladder diaries for assessment.
  • Conservative management including education, bladder training, and fluid advice.
  • Pharmacological treatments: antimuscarinic medications and beta-3 adrenergic agonists.
  • Advanced therapies: urodynamic testing, botulinum neurotoxin-A injections, sacral and tibial nerve stimulation, and augmentation cystoplasty for refractory cases.

Main Results:

  • Initial management focuses on conservative measures.
  • Medications offer treatment options for persistent symptoms.
  • Refractory cases may require specialist evaluation and advanced interventions.
  • Intermittent self-catheterisation may be necessary for a small percentage of patients undergoing botulinum neurotoxin-A injections.

Conclusions:

  • Overactive bladder syndrome requires a stepwise approach to management.
  • A combination of conservative, medical, and potentially invasive therapies can effectively manage OAB symptoms.
  • Patient selection and adherence are crucial for successful treatment outcomes.