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Related Concept Videos

Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

4.2K
Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...
4.2K
Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

756
Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
756
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

2.5K
Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
2.5K
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

837
Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
837
Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

122.4K
The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
122.4K
Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

4.6K
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
4.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery
08:17

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Published on: February 20, 2017

15.2K

The maverick heart sound.

Chance M Witt1, William R Miranda1, Darrell B Newman1

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Heart (British Cardiac Society)
|February 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case highlights a rare congenital heart condition diagnosed during routine prenatal counseling. Early identification of valvular heart disease is crucial for managing cardiac function during pregnancy.

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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery
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Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Prenatal Care

Background:

  • A 29-year-old woman with a history of childhood heart murmur and prior echocardiogram findings of cardiac enlargement presented for prenatal counseling.
  • She was asymptomatic with a normal physical examination, including jugular venous pressure and precordial palpation.

Observation:

  • Cardiac auscultation revealed abnormal findings, with specific details presented in Figure 1 and an accompanying audio clip.
  • The phonocardiogram and audio clip were analyzed to determine the correct interpretation of the auscultatory findings.

Findings:

  • The case presents a diagnostic challenge based on phonocardiogram and audio clip analysis.
  • Potential diagnoses include early diastolic filling sound (S3), bicuspid aortic valve stenosis, pulmonic valve stenosis, or tricuspid regurgitation.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis of congenital heart disease in pregnancy is vital for maternal and fetal well-being.
  • Understanding specific auscultatory findings aids in timely and appropriate management of valvular heart conditions during pregnancy.