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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

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Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
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Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
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Using CTCs for pharmacogenomic analysis.

Christopher D Hart1, Francesca Galardi2, Marta Pestrin1

  • 1Sandro Pitigliani Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, Via Suor Niccolina 20, Prato 59100, Italy; Breast Cancer Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Via Suor Niccolina 20, Prato 59100, Italy.

Pharmacological Research
|February 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacogenomic assessment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers a personalized approach to oncology care. Analyzing CTCs provides a real-time view of advanced cancer, guiding targeted treatments effectively.

Keywords:
BiomarkerCirculating tumor cellLiquid biopsyMetastasisPharmacogenomicsTumor

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Precision medicine in oncology necessitates personalized patient care.
  • Assessing molecular features of advanced disease is crucial for understanding tumor evolution and guiding therapy.
  • Traditional tumor sampling methods may not reflect the current state of advanced or metastatic cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current and potential applications of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for pharmacogenomic analysis.
  • To highlight the significance of CTCs as a non-invasive method for molecular profiling in advanced cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are proposed as a novel method for tumor sampling.
  • CTCs offer a contemporaneous picture of the disease state, overcoming limitations of primary tumor biopsies.
  • Advances in CTC capture, enrichment, and isolation technologies enable sophisticated molecular interrogation.

Main Results:

  • CTCs can be derived from multiple metastatic sites, potentially capturing tumor heterogeneity.
  • Pharmacogenomic assessment of CTCs is now feasible due to technological improvements.
  • The clinical utility of CTCs for pharmacogenomic analysis is under active exploration.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a promising tool for non-invasive, real-time molecular profiling in oncology.
  • Pharmacogenomic analysis of CTCs holds significant potential for guiding personalized treatment strategies in advanced cancer.
  • Further research is warranted to fully realize the clinical impact of CTC-based pharmacogenomics.