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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management01:19

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The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Managing the menopause: An update.

Helen Roberts1, Martha Hickey2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.

Maturitas
|February 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal dryness are effectively treated with hormone therapy (HT) or vaginal estrogen. Non-hormonal options are available for those avoiding estrogen.

Keywords:
Hormone therapyMenopause

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Area of Science:

  • Women's Health
  • Menopause Management
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Common menopause symptoms include vasomotor symptoms (VMS), genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), sleep, sexual, and mood disturbances.
  • Symptom severity and patient "bother" are key factors in guiding treatment decisions.
  • Hormone therapy (HT) is a primary treatment for moderate to severe VMS and vaginal dryness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding and treatment of common menopause symptoms.
  • To outline the indications, contraindications, and individualized treatment approaches for hormone therapy.
  • To discuss alternative non-hormonal treatments for VMS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical guidelines and evidence for menopause symptom management.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and safety of hormone therapy (HT) and vaginal estrogens.
  • Evaluation of non-hormonal pharmacologic options for vasomotor symptom relief.

Main Results:

  • Moderate-dose estrogen-containing HT is highly effective for VMS and vaginal dryness in women without contraindications.
  • Vaginal estrogen therapy is effective for GSM.
  • Selected antidepressants and gabapentinoids are effective non-hormonal treatments for VMS.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment for menopause symptoms should be individualized based on symptom severity and patient preference.
  • Hormone therapy is indicated for moderate to severe VMS in appropriate candidates, with low risks for most healthy women aged 50-59.
  • Non-hormonal agents provide effective alternatives for women who cannot or prefer not to use estrogen therapy.