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Urinary Bladder01:23

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Gender differences in overactive bladder.

Renu S Eapen1, Sidney B Radomski

  • 1Division of Urology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

The Canadian Journal of Urology
|March 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Overactive bladder (OAB) affects both men and women, but symptoms and treatment differ. This review explores gender-specific OAB epidemiology, evaluation, and management for primary care physicians.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Men's Health
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition affecting both genders.
  • While OAB prevalence is similar, significant sex-specific differences exist in symptoms, bother, and quality of life impacts.
  • Prostatic enlargement in men introduces unique considerations for OAB evaluation and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and delineate gender differences in the epidemiology of overactive bladder.
  • To compare OAB evaluation and investigation strategies between men and women.
  • To outline and contrast treatment approaches for OAB in both sexes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of epidemiological studies on OAB.
  • Comparative analysis of diagnostic criteria and investigative methods for OAB in men and women.

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  • Review of current treatment guidelines and therapeutic options for OAB, highlighting gender-specific recommendations.

    • Main Results:

    • Epidemiological data reveal subtle but important gender-specific variations in OAB symptom presentation.
    • Evaluation pathways are influenced by factors such as the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men.
    • Treatment strategies require tailoring based on gender, considering hormonal factors and anatomical differences.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding gender differences in OAB is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management.
    • Primary care physicians can utilize this information to optimize initial OAB assessment and treatment.
    • Timely and appropriate referral to urology is essential for complex or refractory OAB cases, considering sex-specific nuances.