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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Spatial compatibility interference effects: a double dissociation between two measures.

Alexander J Kirkham¹, Steven P Tipper¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK.

Visual Cognition

|March 1, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial interference effects in visuomotor tasks are detectable using facial electromyography even when reaction times show no interference. This highlights the need for multiple measurement methods in cognitive neuroscience research.

Keywords:

EMG Simon effect Spatial compatibility double-dissociation spatial interference

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Last Updated: Mar 25, 2026

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Published on: May 9, 2019

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Human-Computer Interaction
Psychology

Background:

Spatial compatibility tasks demonstrate interference when irrelevant stimulus location affects response.
Reaction time (RT) measures sometimes fail to detect this spatial interference.
Previous assumptions suggested non-analysis or rapid decay of spatial information when RTs show no effect.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether spatial interference effects persist even when not detectable by reaction time measures.
To explore the utility of facial electromyography (fEMG) in revealing subtle visuomotor processing effects.
To demonstrate the importance of employing diverse methodologies in studying visuomotor processes.

Main Methods:

Participants completed spatial compatibility tasks.
Reaction times (RT) were recorded as a primary behavioral measure.
Facial electromyography (fEMG) was used to record muscle activity post-response.
A dissociation between RT and fEMG measures was analyzed.

Main Results:

Spatial interference effects were observed in facial electromyography (fEMG) responses.
These fEMG effects were present even in conditions where reaction times (RTs) showed no significant interference.
A dissociation was found between the two measurement techniques.

Conclusions:

The absence of interference in reaction time (RT) does not necessarily mean spatial information was not processed.
Facial electromyography (fEMG) can reveal visuomotor processing effects missed by RT measures.
Divergent methodologies are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of visuomotor processes, as single measures can be misleading.