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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Mutations01:35

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Cell Population Analyses During Skin Carcinogenesis
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Ionizing Radiation Exposure and Basal Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis.

Changzhao Li1, Mohammad Athar1

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Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human cancer. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may lead to common intervention strategies for BCC development.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Radiation Biology

Background:

  • Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer.
  • Aberrant activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling drives BCC development.
  • Ionizing radiation (IR) exposure is linked to increased BCC risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize studies on the relationship between IR exposure and BCC development.
  • To explore the role of Hh signaling in radiation-induced BCCs.
  • To discuss epidemiological evidence and potential mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies on IR-exposed human cohorts (atomic bomb survivors, transplant recipients, tinea capitis patients, radiologic workers).
  • Analysis of animal models demonstrating the role of Ptch and Smoothened in radiation-induced BCCs.
  • Examination of recent therapeutic interventions targeting Hh signaling.

Main Results:

  • Human epidemiological studies confirm an enhanced risk of BCC following IR exposure.
  • Risk is higher in Caucasians and individuals exposed early in life.
  • Ptch and Smoothened are key players in radiation-induced BCCs in animal models.
  • Vismodegib, a Smoothened inhibitor, shows efficacy in treating radiation-induced BCCs.

Conclusions:

  • IR exposure significantly increases BCC risk, with specific demographic variations.
  • The precise mechanisms linking IR to BCC require further investigation.
  • Targeting Hh signaling pathways offers a potential common strategy for BCC intervention, regardless of the initial cause.