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Related Concept Videos

Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

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The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

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Colloidal crystallite suspensions studied by high pressure small angle x-ray scattering.

M A Schroer1, F Westermeier2, F Lehmkühler1

  • 1Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

High pressure X-ray scattering reveals water

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Colloidal crystallites are ordered structures formed by particles suspended in a liquid.
  • Understanding their behavior under external stimuli is crucial for materials design.
  • Water's unique compressibility influences the properties of aqueous colloidal systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pressure dependence of colloidal crystallites in water.
  • To elucidate the role of water's compressibility and electrostatic interactions on crystallite structure.
  • To explore pressure-induced structural relaxation and ordering in colloidal systems.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure small-angle X-ray scattering (HP-SAXS).
  • X-ray cross-correlation analysis (XCCA) of 2D scattering patterns.
  • Utilizing charge-stabilized poly-acrylate particles in aqueous suspension.

Main Results:

  • Colloidal crystallites compress due to water compression, showing a complex pressure dependence.
  • Evidence suggests electrostatic properties (particle charge, ion dissociation) influence pressure response.
  • Pressure and dilution can induce relaxation of shear-melted crystallites to ordered states.
  • Increased orientational order and crystallite growth observed with increasing pressure.

Conclusions:

  • Pressure is a significant parameter for tuning and understanding colloidal crystallite behavior in water.
  • Water's compressibility is a dominant factor, but electrostatic interactions also play a role.
  • Pressure offers a pathway to control colloidal structure and potentially recover ordered states.