Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.6K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.6K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.9K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.9K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.7K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.7K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

11.6K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
11.6K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

2.2K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Unsupervised Variational-Autoencoder-Based Analysis of Morphological Representations in Magnetic-Nanoparticle-Treated Macrophages.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

LEAD: Literature Enhanced Ab Initio Discovery of Nitride Dusting Layers for Enhanced Tunnel Magnetoresistance and Lower Resistance Magnetic Tunnel Junctions.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2025
Same author

Corrigendum to "Comparative efficiency of the SWAT model and a deep learning model in estimating nitrate loads at the Tuckahoe creek watershed, Maryland" [Sci. Total Environ. 954 (2024) 176256].

The Science of the total environment·2024
Same author

Tunable multistate field-free switching and ratchet effect by spin-orbit torque in canted ferrimagnetic alloy.

Nature communications·2024
Same author

Comparative efficiency of the SWAT model and a deep learning model in estimating nitrate loads at the Tuckahoe creek watershed, Maryland.

The Science of the total environment·2024
Same author

Interface Engineering of Magnetic Anisotropy in van der Waals Ferromagnet-based Heterostructures.

ACS nano·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

11.2K

Spin Circuit Model for 2D Channels with Spin-Orbit Coupling.

Seokmin Hong1, Shehrin Sayed1, Supriyo Datta1

  • 1School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, IN, 47907, USA.

Scientific Reports
|March 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new theory for 2D channels with spin momentum locking, extending spin diffusion models. This framework, using four electronic states, enables better interpretation of experiments and estimation of spin current properties.

More Related Videos

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

10.6K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

11.2K
Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

10.6K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.5K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Spintronics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Spin-orbit coupling in 2D channels leads to "spin momentum locking."
  • Standard spin diffusion models use two electrochemical potentials for spin-up and spin-down states.
  • A more comprehensive model is needed to capture complex spin behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a general theory for arbitrary 2D channels with spin momentum locking.
  • To extend the standard spin diffusion model by incorporating four electronic states.
  • To develop an equivalent spin circuit model for experimental interpretation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a semiclassical model classifying electronic states into four groups (U+, D+, U-, D-).
  • Formulated an equivalent spin circuit based on this four-state model.
  • Benchmarked the spin circuit against a full non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) model.

Main Results:

  • The four-state model successfully describes spin momentum locking in 2D channels.
  • The equivalent spin circuit provides a tool for interpreting experimental data.
  • The model allows estimation of charge-to-spin conversion ratios and maximum spin currents.

Conclusions:

  • The presented general theory and equivalent spin circuit offer a powerful framework for spintronic devices.
  • The model is applicable to topological insulator surface states and other layered structures with spin-orbit coupling.
  • This work advances the understanding and application of spin-orbit coupling phenomena in condensed matter systems.