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Related Concept Videos

Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia
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Published on: November 30, 2016

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Beneficial bacteria inhibit cachexia.

Bernard J Varian1, Sravya Gourishetti1, Theofilos Poutahidis1,2

  • 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Oncotarget
|March 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus reuteri can prevent muscle wasting (cachexia) by reducing inflammation. This effect is mediated by the Forkhead Box N1 (FoxN1) gene, impacting aging and longevity.

Keywords:
cachexiainflammationmicrobeprobioticsarcopenia

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Muscle wasting (cachexia) is linked to chronic inflammation, often seen in cancer.
  • The role of microbes in host immunity during cachexia is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of bacteria in muscle wasting syndromes.
  • To determine if Lactobacillus reuteri can prevent or reverse cachexia and sarcopenia.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models to study muscle wasting.
  • Administered Lactobacillus reuteri to mice and observed effects on inflammation and muscle mass.
  • Examined the role of the Forkhead Box N1 (FoxN1) gene in the observed phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Lactobacillus reuteri feeding reduced systemic inflammation and inhibited cachexia in mice.
  • L. reuteri therapy increased growth hormone levels and upregulated FoxN1 in aging wild-type mice.
  • Mice with defective FoxN1 genes did not show inhibition of sarcopenia after L. reuteri treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Symbiotic bacteria, like L. reuteri, can prevent muscle wasting by modulating inflammation.
  • A FoxN1-mediated mechanism involving thymic function is crucial for the anti-cachexia effects of L. reuteri.
  • Microbiota may play significant roles in mammalian aging, immunity, and longevity.