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Related Concept Videos

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
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Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
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Radiative flux and forcing parameterization error in aerosol-free clear skies.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiation parameterizations in global climate models (GCMs) are more accurate. However, large errors persist in estimating 4xCO2 forcing, particularly for solar radiation, making global mean error uncertain.

Keywords:
ParameterizationRadiationRadiative forcing

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Radiative Transfer

Background:

  • Global climate models (GCMs) simulate Earth's climate system.
  • Accurate representation of radiative processes is crucial for climate projections.
  • Previous radiation parameterizations had known limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of current radiation parameterizations in GCMs.
  • To quantify errors in estimating 4xCO2 forcing, especially solar radiation.
  • To assess the impact of atmospheric state on these errors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced radiation parameterization schemes within GCMs.
  • Performed simulations with quadrupled atmospheric CO2 concentrations (4xCO2).
  • Analyzed differences in radiative fluxes based on varying atmospheric states.

Main Results:

  • Current radiation parameterizations demonstrate improved accuracy over predecessors.
  • Significant errors were identified in the estimation of 4xCO2 forcing, particularly for solar radiation.
  • The magnitude of these errors is dependent on the specific atmospheric state.

Conclusions:

  • While GCM radiation schemes have advanced, substantial uncertainties remain in climate forcing estimations.
  • The dependence of errors on atmospheric state complicates the determination of a global mean error.
  • Further refinement of radiation parameterizations is needed for reliable climate change projections.