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Genetics, lifestyle and longevity: Lessons from centenarians.

Diddahally Govindaraju1, Gil Atzmon2, Nir Barzilai3

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Longevity is influenced by genetics, epigenetics, and environment, with lifestyle playing a key role in niche construction. Comparing normal lifespan individuals and centenarians reveals insights into exceptional longevity mechanisms.

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Composite traitGenomic stabilityGenotype–phenotype (G–P) mapNegative frequency-dependent selectionNiche constructionReaction norms

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Longevity is a complex life-history trait influenced by genetic (approx. 33%), epigenetic, and environmental factors.
  • Individual responses to environments and self-created environments (niche construction) impact longevity.
  • Lifestyle is a crucial factor in longevity across all developmental stages and human diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To interpret longevity through a genotype-epigenetic-phenotype (GEP) map and niche-construction theory.
  • To explore the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the distribution of longevity in normal lifespan individuals versus centenarians.
  • To identify factors contributing to exceptional human longevity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a genotype-epigenetic-phenotype (GEP) map approach.
  • Applied niche-construction theory to understand environmental interactions.
  • Conducted a comparative analysis between individuals with normal lifespan and centenarians.

Main Results:

  • Genetic and environmental factors are common to both normal lifespan individuals and centenarians.
  • Exceptional longevity may involve specific gene polymorphisms, enhanced genomic stability, and superior homeostatic mechanisms.
  • Negative frequency-dependent selection may maintain these mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • A combined GEP map and niche-construction framework offers a comprehensive view of longevity.
  • Comparative studies of lifespan groups, integrating population ecology and evolutionary biology, are crucial for understanding longevity mechanisms.
  • Insights gained can advance knowledge of biological mechanisms and inform strategies for extending healthy lifespan.