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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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[Advances in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing].

Cong Li, Wenguang Cao

    Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese Journal of Biotechnology
    |March 5, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology offers precise gene editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system, derived from bacterial immunity, enables targeted DNA manipulation with high specificity and reduced toxicity compared to older methods.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • CRISPR systems provide adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea through RNA-guided DNA cleavage.
    • The CRISPR/Cas9 system, a prominent type II example, utilizes CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) to direct Cas proteins for DNA cleavage.
    • Early observations of repetitive DNA sequences in bacteria in 1987 hinted at this genetic mechanism.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the recent advancements, principles, and applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
    • To highlight the potential challenges and future prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
    • To serve as a reference for researchers interested in genome manipulation techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on CRISPR/Cas9.

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    CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein-mediated Precise Gene Editing by Tube Electroporation
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  • Analysis of the structural and functional components of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
  • Comparison of CRISPR/Cas9 with other genome editing tools like ZFN and TALEN.

    • Main Results:

    • CRISPR/Cas9 enables precise genome manipulation, including gene targeting, disruption, insertion, and correction.
    • The system demonstrates higher specificity and lower toxicity than Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN).
    • Three main types of CRISPR/Cas systems (I, II, and III) have been identified, with type II being widely used in research.

    Conclusions:

    • CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful and versatile gene-editing tool with significant implications for various species.
    • The simplicity and efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 position it as a leading technology in genetic engineering.
    • Further research into CRISPR/Cas9 holds promise for overcoming potential challenges and expanding its applications.