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Related Concept Videos

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:12

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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Studying the Cytoskeleton01:17

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The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
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Microtubule Instability02:17

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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton01:33

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ̶   microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Each has characteristic features that distinguish them, including the dynamics of their assembly and disassembly, mechanical properties, polarity, and the type of molecular motors associated with them. Earlier, they were thought to be present only in eukaryotic cells; however, their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

In Situ Visualization of Axon Growth and Growth Cone Dynamics in Acute Ex Vivo Embryonic Brain Slice Cultures
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Building Blocks of Functioning Brain: Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Neuronal Development.

Shalini Menon1, Stephanie L Gupton2

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|March 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review details proteins regulating the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during neuronal development. It covers how these proteins guide neuron shape, polarity, and target connection for neural connectivity.

Keywords:
actinbinding proteinscytoskeletongrowth conemicrotubuleneuron

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Establishing neural connectivity is crucial for brain function.
  • Neuronal development involves precise cell polarization, guidance, and synapse formation.
  • The cytoskeleton, comprising actin and microtubules, is fundamental to these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review proteins that modulate the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during neuronal development.
  • To highlight the role of these proteins in neuronal shape, polarity, and guidance.
  • To emphasize the spatiotemporal control of cytoskeletal machinery in neural development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cytoskeletal regulation in neuronal development.
  • Analysis of protein functions in actin and microtubule dynamics.
  • Synthesis of findings related to growth cone guidance and synaptic connection.

Main Results:

  • Identified key proteins involved in actin and microtubule remodeling during neuronal development.
  • Detailed the mechanisms by which cytoskeletal proteins control neuronal shape and polarity.
  • Highlighted the critical role of the growth cone and its cytoskeleton in axon guidance.

Conclusions:

  • Proper neuronal connectivity relies on precise cytoskeletal regulation.
  • Specific proteins orchestrate actin and microtubule dynamics essential for neuronal development.
  • Understanding these molecular mechanisms is vital for addressing developmental neurological disorders.