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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

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Memory Systems and the Addicted Brain.

Jarid Goodman1, Mark G Packard1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA.

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Distinct memory systems contribute to drug addiction and relapse. Recent research shows a shift from cognitive to habitual control, with stress potentially worsening drug use and relapse.

Keywords:
amygdalaanxietydrug addictionhippocampusmemorystressstriatum

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • The hypothesis of distinct memory systems contributing to drug addiction and relapse is well-supported.
  • Recent developments offer new insights into these neuroanatomical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multiple systems hypothesis of drug addiction.
  • To highlight recent research on memory systems and their role in addiction and relapse.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal learning paradigms and studies on addictive substances.
  • Analysis of neuroanatomical shifts in memory control (e.g., hippocampus/dorsomedial striatum to dorsolateral striatum).
  • Examination of stress as a cofactor in addiction and relapse.

Main Results:

  • Dissociable neural systems mediate distinct learning and memory types, each contributing to addiction.
  • A shift from cognitive to habitual control (hippocampus/dorsomedial striatum to dorsolateral striatum) may underlie compulsive drug abuse.
  • Stress and anxiety can facilitate dorsolateral striatum-dependent memory, potentially increasing drug use and relapse.

Conclusions:

  • The multiple systems view provides a framework for understanding drug addiction and relapse.
  • This approach is applicable to traditional (cocaine, alcohol) and emerging (marijuana, high-fat diet, video games) addiction sources.
  • Understanding these memory systems is crucial for developing effective addiction treatments.