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Introduction to Epidemiology01:26

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Epidemiology, known as the cornerstone of public health, involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related events in defined populations and applying these insights to control health issues. This is essential for understanding how diseases spread, identifying populations at greater risk, and implementing measures to control or prevent outbreaks. Epidemiology addresses not only infectious diseases but also non-communicable conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease,...
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Prevalence and Incidence01:08

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In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
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Epidemiology.

Kyle M Walsh1, Hiroko Ohgaki2, Margaret R Wrensch1

  • 1Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|March 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variants significantly impact glioma risk, with some increasing it substantially. Research is ongoing to understand these genetic factors and define glioma subtypes for better etiological studies.

Keywords:
allergyenvironmentgenetic epidemiologygenome-wide association studygliomaprognostic markerrisk factorssurvivaltelomerestumor genetics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Gliomas represent 77% of over 250,000 primary malignant brain tumors diagnosed globally each year.
  • Inherited genetic variants and radiation are known causes, with 10 regions near eight genes consistently linked to glioma risk since 2009.
  • Some variants confer substantial risk, such as a sixfold increase for IDH-mutated gliomas and a 2.5-fold increase for TP53-related gliomas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of genetic risk factors for glioma.
  • To highlight progress in molecularly defining glioma subtypes.
  • To emphasize the need for large-scale studies examining environmental and genetic factors within homogeneous glioma subgroups.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple genetic loci associated with glioma risk.
  • Analysis of acquired alterations within tumors aids in defining glioma subgroups.
  • Epidemiological studies have noted an association between allergy history and reduced glioma risk.

Main Results:

  • Multiple inherited genetic variants are associated with increased glioma risk, typically 20-40%.
  • Specific variants show higher relative risks: one on chromosome 8 (sixfold for IDH-mutated gliomas) and another affecting TP53 function (2.5-fold increased risk).
  • Progress has been made in classifying gliomas based on acquired tumor alterations.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the function of identified risk variants is crucial for future research.
  • Defining glioma subgroups based on molecular and etiological factors is essential.
  • Large, well-defined studies are needed to investigate environmental and genetic risk factors comprehensively.