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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Evaluation of Biomarkers in Glioma by Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin-Embedded 3D Glioma Neurosphere Cultures

Evaluation of Biomarkers in Glioma by Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin-Embedded 3D Glioma Neurosphere Cultures

Published on: January 9, 2019

Histologic classification of gliomas.

Arie Perry¹, Pieter Wesseling²

¹Departments of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|March 8, 2016

Summary

This chapter reviews glial tumors, including diffuse gliomas like astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, and nondiffuse types. It highlights the integration of molecular data with histology for more accurate classification of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms.

Keywords:

astrocytoma ependymoma glioblastoma glioma glioneuronal tumor histopathology immunohistochemistry molecular diagnostics neuropathology oligodendroglioma

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Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors
Histopathology

Background:

Gliomas are a diverse group of CNS tumors traditionally classified by histology and grade.
Diffuse gliomas infiltrate CNS parenchyma and include astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed types (WHO grades II-IV).
Nondiffuse gliomas, such as pilocytic astrocytomas and ependymal tumors (WHO grades I-III), exhibit circumscribed growth.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of glial neoplasms according to the WHO 2016 classification.
To discuss both diffuse and less frequent nondiffuse gliomas, including mixed neuronal-glial tumors.
To emphasize the evolving role of molecular findings in glioma classification.

Main Methods:

Review of histological features of glial neoplasms.
Integration of World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification criteria.
Discussion of molecular underpinnings influencing tumor classification.

Main Results:

Histologic diagnosis has historically guided prognosis and treatment for gliomas.
Molecular information provides a more robust basis for classifying gliomas.
The WHO 2016 classification integrates both histologic and molecular findings.

Conclusions:

Accurate classification of gliomas relies on a combination of histology and molecular data.
Understanding glial tumor heterogeneity is crucial for effective management.
This chapter serves as a foundation for understanding glioma classification, complementing molecular insights.