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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Principles of radiation therapy.

James W Snider1, Minesh Mehta1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.

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|March 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Complete surgical resection of gliomas is difficult and can cause severe neurological deficits. Radiotherapy, including external-beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy, is a crucial part of glioma treatment today.

Keywords:
glioblastomagliomalow-grade gliomaradiation therapyradiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Radiation oncology

Background:

  • Surgical resection is the primary treatment for gliomas but achieving complete removal is challenging.
  • Aggressive resection can lead to significant neurological deficits due to the invasive nature of gliomas.
  • Radiotherapy is an essential component of glioma treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the biologic principles of radiotherapy for gliomas.
  • To outline the techniques used in radiotherapy for gliomas.
  • To discuss the applications of radiotherapy in current glioma treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biologic principles underlying radiotherapy.
  • Description of external-beam radiotherapy techniques.
  • Description of brachytherapy techniques.

Main Results:

  • Complete resection of gliomas is rarely achieved without functional brain loss.
  • Radiotherapy offers a vital therapeutic option when complete resection is not feasible.
  • Established techniques include external-beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Radiotherapy is indispensable in managing gliomas due to the challenges of complete surgical resection.
  • Understanding the principles, techniques, and applications of radiotherapy is crucial for effective glioma treatment.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of radiotherapy in contemporary glioma management.