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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Shaping the spectrum - From autoinflammation to autoimmunity.

Christian M Hedrich1

  • 1Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology Section, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

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Autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders share underlying immune mechanisms, challenging traditional classifications. Understanding these connections allows for targeted treatments based on individual disease stages and immune responses.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune-inflammatory disorders were historically classified as distinct entities: autoinflammatory vs. autoimmune diseases.
  • A decade ago, an immunological continuum model proposed a spectrum, with classical autoinflammatory disorders at one end and autoimmune disorders at the other.
  • Recent research reveals significant interconnections between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms across this spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of recent developments in understanding autoimmune-inflammatory disorders.
  • To highlight the shared pathomechanisms between disorders at different ends of the immunological spectrum.
  • To examine three exemplary disorders: systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific observations and developments.
  • Focus on systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (classical autoinflammatory), psoriasis (mixed pattern), and systemic lupus erythematosus (autoimmune).
  • Analysis of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Strong interconnections between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are evident across the autoimmune-inflammatory spectrum.
  • Disorders previously considered distinct share key pathomechanisms.
  • Disease stages and duration influence the interplay of immune mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The distinction between autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders is blurred by shared immune pathways.
  • Individualized treatment targeting specific innate or adaptive immune mechanisms can control disease activity.
  • A unified understanding of autoimmune-inflammatory disorders is emerging, impacting therapeutic strategies.